从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用
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[07-22 00:46:44] 来源:http://www.dxs56.com 英语论文 阅读:8207次
概要:The existence of the maxims of the CP makes theconversational implicature possible especially on theconditions like in press conferences etc.. Conversationalimplicature allows a speaker of any side in press conferencesto convey meaning beyond what is literally expressed. Speakersin press conferences can often use euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions to produce conversational implicature or moremeaning that the hearers can also figure out its realintentions rather than the lit
从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用,标签:英语论文范文,毕业论文范文,http://www.dxs56.com
The existence of the maxims of the CP makes theconversational implicature possible especially on theconditions like in press conferences etc.. Conversationalimplicature allows a speaker of any side in press conferencesto convey meaning beyond what is literally expressed. Speakersin press conferences can often use euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions to produce conversational implicature or moremeaning that the hearers can also figure out its realintentions rather than the literal meaning by violating somecertain maxims. www.dxs56.com
5.1. Violation of Quality Maxim"Violation of Quality Maxim means by saying things thatare not true or the fact and making irresponsible andinsincere remarks by the speakers. It can produce somespecifical content: humor, or disguise the intention such asMinistry of Defence for Ministry of War, life insurence forinsurance when you are dead, freedom fighters forterrorists."[25] Frankly speaking, euphemisms have a tendencyto violate Quality Maxim in order to express unpleasant thingsor ideas etc. in an indirect, roundabout and pleasant way.
Therefore if hearers want to know the real intentions , theyshould infer the conversational implicature from theillocutionary meaning based on the special context. Moreoverhyperbole and understatement also don't obey the QualityMaxim, for all these contribution are true . Let us look atsome examples as follows:
(4) Q: Britain and France both put troops on standby alert …for possible movement into Kosovo. While … has the U.S. putany units on stand-by for a possible movement to Kosovo?
A: In view of the fact that … our forces remain at theircurrent state of readiness. There … increase that state ofalertness at this point. Obviously… on short stand-by… airoperations, would… .
In the above Q-A patterns of the transcripts, we can seediplomatic euphemisms like “possible movement”, “at theircurrent state of readiness” and “air operation” etc. are usedin press conferences that violate the Quality Maxim. From thespecific context we know that here “possible movement” mainlymeans “possible military attack”, “at their current state ofreadiness” refers to “at their current state of fighting ” and“air operation” refers to “air war” or “air fight” etc.. Stillwe can find more examples violating Quality Maxim of the CP inpress conferences like “Ministry of Defense” for “Ministry ofWar”, “entering into Kosovo” or “go into Kosovo” for “invadeKosovo” or “invasion” and “information” for “militaryintelligence” and also “active defense” for “attack” etc.. Bysaying that, the authority can distort the facts to someextent and also reduce its bad impressions on the public. www.dxs56.com
Hence the authority can present a false picture to the publicand to beautify or disguise whatever they have done.
5.2 Violation of Quantity Maxim"Violation of Quantity Maxim is by providingnon-informative information or by either providing less ormore information than actually needed. Strictly speaking,acronym and abbreviation, two main ways of the formation ofeuphemism, are the two main ways of violating the QuantityMaxim. For example, execute is for execute death penalty, Ineed to go is for I need to go to the lavatory, commfu forcomplete monumental military fuck up , S.O.S forson-of-a-bitch."[26] Some euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions are created by contributing less information toviolate the Quantity Maxim in order to make unpleasant, rudeor offensive words sound more pleasant, polite and elegant.
Let us have a look at some expressions used in pressconferences violate the Quantity Maxim of the CP.
(5) Q: General Naumann said … military targets?
A: (Cohen): As we indicated the ACTORD was … Serbian forceswere really posing a serious threat to several … the cold orfrom starving. That ACTORD was … innocent people. That ACTORDremains … General Naumann has referred to.
Let us have a look at another example:
(6) Q: General, … Could you … in the event of a conflict and …in terms of a liaison with the NGOs and …?
A: Well, their role is…civil-military affairsorganizations, … in the CENTCOM theater …In the above two question-answer patterns in pressconferences we may say that these diplomatic euphemismsviolate the Quantity Maxim because they failed to give us theright amount of information we needed or we may also say thatthey provided less information. By using these euphemisms thespeakers like the diplomats and statesmen etc. can avoidmentioning these unpleasant terms or notions like centralcommand and activation order etc. in press conferences. www.dxs56.com
Among the euphemisms used in press conferences, we maystill find that some of the euphemisms can be regarded as aspecial case that violate both the Quality Maxim and theQuantity Maxim etc.. Hence in a broad sense we may say thateuphemisms that violate the Quality Maxim can also be regardedas a special case that violate the Quantity Maxim because thetwo maxims are closely related. If a euphemism violatesQuality Maxim, it also violates Quantity Maxim to a certainextent. For example, the euphemisms like “possible movement”
The existence of the maxims of the CP makes theconversational implicature possible especially on theconditions like in press conferences etc.. Conversationalimplicature allows a speaker of any side in press conferencesto convey meaning beyond what is literally expressed. Speakersin press conferences can often use euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions to produce conversational implicature or moremeaning that the hearers can also figure out its realintentions rather than the literal meaning by violating somecertain maxims. www.dxs56.com
5.1. Violation of Quality Maxim"Violation of Quality Maxim means by saying things thatare not true or the fact and making irresponsible andinsincere remarks by the speakers. It can produce somespecifical content: humor, or disguise the intention such asMinistry of Defence for Ministry of War, life insurence forinsurance when you are dead, freedom fighters forterrorists."[25] Frankly speaking, euphemisms have a tendencyto violate Quality Maxim in order to express unpleasant thingsor ideas etc. in an indirect, roundabout and pleasant way.
Therefore if hearers want to know the real intentions , theyshould infer the conversational implicature from theillocutionary meaning based on the special context. Moreoverhyperbole and understatement also don't obey the QualityMaxim, for all these contribution are true . Let us look atsome examples as follows:
(4) Q: Britain and France both put troops on standby alert …for possible movement into Kosovo. While … has the U.S. putany units on stand-by for a possible movement to Kosovo?
A: In view of the fact that … our forces remain at theircurrent state of readiness. There … increase that state ofalertness at this point. Obviously… on short stand-by… airoperations, would… .
In the above Q-A patterns of the transcripts, we can seediplomatic euphemisms like “possible movement”, “at theircurrent state of readiness” and “air operation” etc. are usedin press conferences that violate the Quality Maxim. From thespecific context we know that here “possible movement” mainlymeans “possible military attack”, “at their current state ofreadiness” refers to “at their current state of fighting ” and“air operation” refers to “air war” or “air fight” etc.. Stillwe can find more examples violating Quality Maxim of the CP inpress conferences like “Ministry of Defense” for “Ministry ofWar”, “entering into Kosovo” or “go into Kosovo” for “invadeKosovo” or “invasion” and “information” for “militaryintelligence” and also “active defense” for “attack” etc.. Bysaying that, the authority can distort the facts to someextent and also reduce its bad impressions on the public. www.dxs56.com
Hence the authority can present a false picture to the publicand to beautify or disguise whatever they have done.
5.2 Violation of Quantity Maxim"Violation of Quantity Maxim is by providingnon-informative information or by either providing less ormore information than actually needed. Strictly speaking,acronym and abbreviation, two main ways of the formation ofeuphemism, are the two main ways of violating the QuantityMaxim. For example, execute is for execute death penalty, Ineed to go is for I need to go to the lavatory, commfu forcomplete monumental military fuck up , S.O.S forson-of-a-bitch."[26] Some euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions are created by contributing less information toviolate the Quantity Maxim in order to make unpleasant, rudeor offensive words sound more pleasant, polite and elegant.
Let us have a look at some expressions used in pressconferences violate the Quantity Maxim of the CP.
(5) Q: General Naumann said … military targets?
A: (Cohen): As we indicated the ACTORD was … Serbian forceswere really posing a serious threat to several … the cold orfrom starving. That ACTORD was … innocent people. That ACTORDremains … General Naumann has referred to.
Let us have a look at another example:
(6) Q: General, … Could you … in the event of a conflict and …in terms of a liaison with the NGOs and …?
A: Well, their role is…civil-military affairsorganizations, … in the CENTCOM theater …In the above two question-answer patterns in pressconferences we may say that these diplomatic euphemismsviolate the Quantity Maxim because they failed to give us theright amount of information we needed or we may also say thatthey provided less information. By using these euphemisms thespeakers like the diplomats and statesmen etc. can avoidmentioning these unpleasant terms or notions like centralcommand and activation order etc. in press conferences. www.dxs56.com
Among the euphemisms used in press conferences, we maystill find that some of the euphemisms can be regarded as aspecial case that violate both the Quality Maxim and theQuantity Maxim etc.. Hence in a broad sense we may say thateuphemisms that violate the Quality Maxim can also be regardedas a special case that violate the Quantity Maxim because thetwo maxims are closely related. If a euphemism violatesQuality Maxim, it also violates Quantity Maxim to a certainextent. For example, the euphemisms like “possible movement”
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